Latest articles

All public articles of the knowledge base, newest first.

• Concentration camps in Estonia

  Hungerburg (Narva-Jõesuu) (Vaivara subcamp)

  Hungerburg (Narva-Jõesuu) was a Nazi German concentration-camp subcamp in Ida-Viru County, part of the Vaivara system (1943–1944).

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• Concentration camps in Estonia

  Goldfields (Kohtla) (Vaivara subcamp)

  Goldfields (Kohtla) was a Nazi German concentration-camp subcamp in Ida-Viru County, part of the Vaivara system (1943–1944).

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• Concentration camps in Estonia

  Auvere (Vaivara subcamp)

  Auvere was a Nazi German concentration-camp subcamp in Ida-Viru County, part of the Vaivara system (1943–1944).

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• Concentration camps in Estonia

  Aseri (Vaivara subcamp)

  Aseri was a Nazi German concentration-camp subcamp in Ida-Viru County, part of the Vaivara system (1943–1944).

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• Concentration camps in Estonia

  Kiviõli (Vaivara subcamp)

  Kiviõli was a Nazi German concentration-camp subcamp in Ida-Viru County, part of the Vaivara system (1943–1944).

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• Concentration camps in Estonia

  Ereda (Vaivara subcamp)

  Ereda was a Nazi German concentration-camp subcamp in Ida-Viru County, part of the Vaivara system (1943–1944).

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• Concentration camps in Estonia

  Patarei prison

  Patarei (Tallinn Central Prison) is the one camp-and-prison site connected to Estonia that was used by both occupation authorities: the Soviet Union (1940–1941 and 1944–1991) and N…

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• Concentration camps in Estonia

  Jägala concentration camp

  Jägala was one of the first Nazi German concentration camps in occupied Estonia (1942–1943), near Jägala village in Harju County. It is inseparably linked with the mass killings at…

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• Concentration camps in Estonia

  Klooga concentration camp

  Klooga was a Nazi German concentration camp in Harju County, a subcamp of the Vaivara system (1943–1944). It is best known for the largest Holocaust crime committed on Estonian soi…

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• Concentration camps in Estonia

  Vaivara concentration camp

  Vaivara was the main camp of Nazi Germany's largest concentration-camp system in occupied Estonia (1943–1944). The complex comprised about 20 subcamps in north-eastern Estonia and…

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• Concentration camps in Estonia

  Concentration camps in Estonia

  Both of Estonia's occupations ran camps here. This page is a categorised overview — which camp was Nazi Germany's, which the Soviet Union's, and which both occupation authorities u…

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• Russia

  Russia and its soldiers: the war in Ukraine

  This page examines how Russia treats its own soldiers — before and during the full-scale invasion of Ukraine from 2022 — the psychosocial roots of that behaviour, how the Russian m…

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• Soviet occupation

  Estonian Swedes

  The Estonian Swedes (Estonian rannarootslased or eestirootslased; Swedish estlandssvenskar) are a historical Swedish-speaking minority who lived for centuries along the coast and i…

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• Soviet occupation

  The life of Muslims in the Soviet Union

  The Soviet Union held one of the world's largest Muslim populations — 45–50 million people by the 1980s: Volga Tatars, Bashkirs, the peoples of Central Asia and the Caucasus, and C…

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• Estonian Tatar history

  Bulat Murssov

  Bulat Murssov (also spelled Bulaat Murssov) was a Tatar boyar (nobleman) mentioned among the events of the Livonian War (1558–1583). According to Balthasar Russow's Livonian Chroni…

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• Estonian Tatar history

  The Baranovs — a noble family of Tatar origin

  The Baranovs (in German form von Baranoff) are the best-known noble family of Tatar origin in the Baltic. Unlike the Muslim Mišär merchants from whom today's Estonian Tatars descen…

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• The Tatar world

  Tatarstan today

  The Republic of Tatarstan is the homeland of the Volga Tatars within the Russian Federation, with Kazan as its capital and the heart of Tatar culture. The story of Tatarstan today…

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• The Tatars' deeper history

  The Siege and Fall of Kazan (1552)

  The fall of Kazan on 2 October 1552 ended the Khanate of Kazan and opened the Volga to Muscovy's eastward expansion. This page describes how the city fell and why — a companion to…

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• Russia

  Minority peoples in present-day Russia

  The Russian Federation is home to more than 190 peoples, yet as central power tightens and russification continues, the space for minority languages and cultures steadily narrows.…

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• The Tatars' deeper history

  Tatar life in the Russian Empire

  When Kazan fell in 1552, the Volga Tatars became subjects of an Orthodox Christian empire. For nearly 350 years their life swung between two poles — the pressure of forced assimila…

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